Two Views of a Crime

Whether or not fault Is Justifiable Is concluded by opposing sides of a situation, with the conclusions consistently differing on multiple accounts. In William Shakespearean Hamlet two men, both alike in livelihood, though divergent in dignity, give speeches of persuasion regarding the same situation.Claudia, through means of vain diction and a tone of false self-contempt, demonstrates his justifiability of the fault committed unto Hamlet, who exposes Claudia as an â€Å"adulterate beast† with word choice of animosity and speaks with an attitude of nothing shy of a desire for titillation to annihilate any permissible defense of Classis's doing. The entire situation, coated with a thick layer of irony, entails a sinful man asking for redemption as well as a sinful man begging for justice. In the beginning of both speeches, the men identify Claudia as the initiator of the entirety of the situation.Hamlet, speaking to his son, distinguishes an â€Å"incestuous† and a †Å"traitorous† character. Although it has yet to be made clear that this character of â€Å"wicked wit† Is Claudia, It Is discernible that whatever character he speaks of Is Hough of as vile and disloyal to Hamlet. When Hamlet mentions his â€Å"seeming virtuous queen,† it is inevitable to recognize the â€Å"wretch† who holds the blame for his loss is none other than Claudia. While Hamlet illustrates the initiator as â€Å"lewd† and â€Å"garbage,† Claudia thinks of himself as one of â€Å"strong intent† and connects himself to Cain, the man known as the first murderer.This allusion instantly identifies Claudia as Hamlet's murderer understanding that Cain killed his brother for supposedly being God's favorite. In the case between Hamlet and Claudia, Hamlet Is inning while partaking in the Joys of Queen Gertrude. Hamlet has the â€Å"favored† and Claudia eliminates him from the picture for that reason. Both passages continue, Jou rneying along alternate paths. While Hamlet describes the scene of Classis's fault, Claudia demonstrates narcissism. The â€Å"vile and loathsome† death Hamlet suffered proves as nothing of importance to Claudia who approaches the situation with the conclusion that his â€Å"fault Is past. The dreadful scene Illustrated through Hamlets â€Å"cursed† memory serves as sensible reason for his IEEE that Claudia should have revenge sought about him, forced to pay for Hamlet's condemnation to Purgatory and compelled to pay for his disloyalty. Claudia, however, expresses few signs of guilt. He attempts to grieve, asking the heavens to cleanse his fault â€Å"white as snow. † Nevertheless, he understands that he may never beg â€Å"Forgive me my foul murder† while remaining In possession of â€Å"(his) crown, (his) own ambition, and (his) queen. With this conclusion presented, It Is evident through â€Å"his true nature† that there exists no â€Å"Incli nation† to rid himself of his â€Å"wicked rice(s). † The irony of the situation is presented in that Claudia, in search of redemption, finds redemption just beyond the life he now enjoys, but instead resolves to keep in winnings. While in Hamlet's speech, however, revenge is sought upon Claudia. If success is fulfilled on Hamlet's part, Claudia will not only be rid of his new possessions but also of his insignificant chance of forgiveness. Hamlet's speech concludes as his life has- â€Å"dispatched. Hamlet sends his son with resolves to â€Å"try what repentance can,† though he comprehends that little may come of it. In this comprehension, he explains that as his â€Å"words fly up, (his) thoughts remain below,† symbolizing the falsity of his guilt and his fake desire for redemption. From the standpoint of irony, Just as Hamlet possessed the inability to beg for forgiveness, Claudia will not experience redemption. He will meet the heavens â€Å"with all (his) imperfections on (his) head† Just as Hamlet was forced to experience due to Classis's hand. The Justifiability of Classis's fault lies in two opposing pairs of hands.While Hamlet, through diction of identifiable loathing, believes his brother deserves enmeshment for his doing, a sensible conclusion, Claudia concerns himself with his current well-being. Through language of self-love, Claudia displays fake guilt and knowingly fails to receive forgiveness. As Claudia leaves his need for salvation to the heavens, Hamlet leaves his burning desire for revenge to his son. The Justifiability of fault will continue to remain unknown due to inconvenience that only those associated with the situation may provide the conclusion, and unfortunately those in association will consistently be in opposition.

Andrew Jackson Was Not a Democrat

People voted Jackson as president with the title of a democratic. He was completely the opposite; his ruling was more like the practice of tyranny. Democracy is a political system in which supreme power depends on citizens who can elect people to represent them, and believe in majority rule. Jackson’s Presidency was not democratic because he lacked the with â€Å"the power of the people† concept, He practiced the Indian Removal Act, the spoil system, and inflames the poor against the rich for the National Bank. DOC G) Democracy is basically known as power to the people, and the majority rule. Methods of electing presidential electors changed when Jackson started ruling. Even though more people were voting instead of legislative (DOC A), Natives were still not allowed to vote. The common people were universal-white-manhood which only benefitted them. (DOC B) To be democratic, all offices must fall under absolute control of the people, (DOC D) which it wasn’t. Jack son didn’t represent power to the people.When Jackson was president, they had the spoil system. The spoil system doesn’t represent democracy what so ever. In the politics of the United States, a spoil system is a system where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters. (DOC C) If Jackson were a true democratic, he would give jobs to people who qualified and deserve them, not just because they are of the same affiliation. (DOC I) Another reason why Jackson was not democratic is because he practiced the Indian Removal Act. DOC J) You can tell it wasn’t democracy because he had one thousand Seminoles, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee Indians forcibly moved to Indian Territory West of Mississippi. (DOC L) In democracy, it means everyone is entitled to be equal, and Jackson sending people away and taking their land is obviously not treating someone equal. Jackson didn’t support being a democratic because (DOC F) An drew Jackson claims that out of 25 bank directors 5 are chosen by the government and 20 by the citizen stalk holders.He finds this to be an evil to our country when the majority of these people are actually chosen by stalk holders. Daniel Webster claims that Andrew Jackson seeks to inflamed the poor against the rich. (DOC G) This could disrupt a democratic society. (DOC E) The cartoon picture shows that he is willing to use his veto to just stop anything he doesn’t like. This is abuse of power. The picture also shows him as a king, we all know that a king isn’t an elected official.Jackson wasn’t a democratic because he lacked power of the people concept (DOC A,D,H,B,N), He practiced the Indian Removal Act, (DOC L,K,R,M), The spoil system,(DOC C,I) and inflames the poor against the rich for the National Bank (DOC E,F,G). The best piece of evidence that he wasn’t democratic was Jackson’s slave holdings. Jackson served as president starting in 1829. A t that time, Jackson had over 90 slaves. In the mid 30’s, Jackson owned more than 120 slaves. If he truly believed that all people deserved equal, he wouldn’t own slaves. Jackson did not practice democracy like people believed he did.

Passed On written by Carole Satymurti poem Analysis

In the poem, Passed On written by Carole Satymurti, the poet illustrates the importance of a box filled with index cards, at the same time, she reminisces about her mother. Through the detailed depiction of the memories that the index cards bring her, a sense of nostalgia is created. Carole presents her memories in a chronological order, such that it portrays events from when her mother was still alive to the poet's final acceptance of her mother's death. However, as the poem progresses, these organized patterns of thoughts, gradually break away from conformity, creating an outburst of freedom felt from her release from pain. At the end of the poem, Carole finally shows acceptance of her mother's death, at the same time reassuring the readers of her growth. This poem begins with Carole reflecting upon her past where she recollects the times when her mother â€Å"scribbled with a squirrel concentration† writing things down on the index cards, reflecting her mother's seriousness towards what she is doing. The sibilance of in the phrase â€Å"scribble with a squirrel† creates a fast paced rhythm contrasting to the quite nature of the atmosphere created by the â€Å"s† sound. This also creates a sense of secrecy, hinting that the relationship between mother and daughter is not very close. Her extreme concentration is also shown as nothing seemed to deter her from her desires even as â€Å"I nag at her.† The second stanza is much longer as compared to the other four and reveals to the reader the contents of what is in the box and what is written on the index cards. This stanza creates a sense of closeness between the author and her mother because â€Å"the cards looked after [her]† and her mother â€Å"rendered herself down from flesh to paper† to be â€Å"there for [her] in every way she could anticipate.† However, the specific organization of the card of her thoughts is contrasted with the nonsensical notes in which she jotted down onto the cards: â€Å"Acupuncture: conditions suited to Books to read by age twenty-one Choux pastry: how to make, when to use† This paradox between the organizations shows the overwhelming outbursts of thoughts as they deem to be uncontrollable and hard to organize. The fragmented sentences on the card also increase the rhythm of the poem, creating a sense of urgency as the mother races against time to jot down every vital piece of information. Because of her mother's protectiveness, the author becomes overly dependent on them. â€Å"The cards looked after [her] and [she'd] shuffle them to almost hear her speak.† Carole Satymurti wraps herself around her mother's past and hides in the box of cards as to her â€Å"the world was box shaped† and in there, every card had a solution to â€Å"every doubt or choice† she may ever have. Over time, the author begins to realize that the cards have â€Å"seemed to shrink† and the writings on the cards have begun to fade away. This forces the author to break away from the comfortable boxed up world that she hides in. However, no matter how hard she tries, she does not seem to be able to renew the past and to bring back her mother's thoughts, as her thoughts are mere chaos next to her mother's. â€Å"infinitives never telling love lust single issue politics when don't hopeless careful trust† The author's notes on the cards are not in complete sentences and are simply a bunch of words that do not have a definitive connection between them. These illogical statements portray the author as a child, unable to make sensible statements. Furthermore, a sense of awkwardness is created between the profound statements and the presentation of the ideas as if Carole's ideas are too overpowering for her to control. The last stanza of the poem, short and abrupt, portrays the author's final escape from her mother's grasp on Carole's life as she â€Å"lets her go.† Carole builds a â€Å"hollow cairn† and empties the index cards into it. The word â€Å"hollow† portrays an empty and silent atmosphere whilst having an ethereal feel to the overall situation. The control her mother has on her slowly begins to fade away as â€Å"the smoke rose thin and clear, slowly blurred.† However, the author does not completely break off all ties between her and her mother as she has â€Å"kept the box for diaries†, keeping the memory of her mother but at the same time, allowing herself to live a new life free from restrictions. The act of burning the index cards also reflect the author's final acceptance of her mother's death, as if she is cremating her once again, letting the memory of her mother remain by her side but not as an overpowering force controlling her life and thought s. The uneven lengths of each stanza in the poem shows a sense of development throughout as it begins with the past, moving to the present and finally ending with the aspiration of a bright new future of uncertainties as portrayed with the â€Å"blurred† imagery in the end. Subsequently, from this, the author grows to accept her mother's death and slowly moves away from her mother's protective safe environment and embarks on a journey into the unknown.

Intelligence Definition and Measurement Paper Essay

Intelligence Definition and Measurement Paper - Essay Example In Part 1 of the article, empirical findings are listed that are consistent with a heterocyst hypothesis but render other hypotheses either implausible or very difficult to test. In Part 2, a formal model of the process of heterocyst is presented. The goal of the modeling is to develop a quantitatively rigorous method for estimating the potential contribution of heterocyst in the Flynn effect, as well as trends observed in other heritable traits and conditions. Numerous studies of the age-grade progress of school children have afforded convincing evidence of the magnitude and seriousness of the retardation problem. Statistics collected in hundreds of cities in the United States show that between a third and a half of the school children fail to progress through the grades at the expected rate; that from 10 to 15 per cent are retarded two years or more; and that from 5 to 8 per cent are retarded at least three years. More than 10 per cent of the $400,000,000 annually expended in the United States for school instruction is devoted to re-teaching children what they have already been taught but have failed to learn. The first efforts at reform which resulted from these findings were based on the supposition that the evils which had been discovered could be remedied by the individualizing of instruction, by improved methods of promotion, by increased attention to children's health, and by other reforms in school administration. Although reforms along these lines have been productive of much good, they have nevertheless been in a measure disappointing. The trouble was, they were too often based upon the assumption that under the right conditions all children would be equally, or almost equally, capable of making satisfactory school progress. Psychological studies of school children by means of standardized intelligence tests have shown that this supposition is not in accord with the facts. It has been found that children do not fall into two well-defined groups, the "feeble-minded" and the "normal." Instead, there are many grades of intelligence, ranging from idiocy on the one hand to genius on t he other. Among those classed as normal, vast individual differences have been found to exist in original mental endowment, differences which affect profoundly the capacity to profit from school instruction. We are beginning to realize that the school must take into account, more seriously than it has yet done the existence and significance of these differences in endowment. Instead of wasting energy in the vain attempt to hold mentally slow and defective children up to a level of progress which is normal to the average child, it will be wiser to take account of the inequalities of children in original endowment and to differentiate the course of study in such a way that each child will be allowed to progress at the rate which is normal to him, whether that rate be rapid or slow. While we cannot hold all children to the same standard of school progress, we can at least prevent the kind of retardation which involves failure and the repetition of a school grade. It is well enough recognized that children do not enter with very much zest upon school work in which they have once failed. Failure crushes self-confidence and destroys the spirit of work. It is a sad fact that a large proportion of children in the schools are acquiring

Global warminig Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global warminig - Essay Example Greenhouse effect has caused a lot of uncertainties and therefore most governments have signed the Kyoto Protocol aimed at controlling the greenhouse gas emission.2 Global warming is mainly caused by the greenhouse gases. The main greenhouse gas causing it water which is in vapor form which account for 30%-70% of the greenhouse effect, others are carbon dioxide which accounts for 9%-26%, methane, ozone and sulfate aerosols. Carbon dioxide and methane production have increased by 149% and 31% since 1750.3 Scientists have agreed that this is mainly due to mans activity of poor land management, especially due to cutting down of trees. The issue of industrial revolution has also lead increased carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Other causes of global warming are the natural and internal processes on the earth's surface such as the solar activity and volcanic emission. Meaning that even if mans activity could cease, global ceasing could still continue.4 Global warming cause water to evaporate into the atmosphere and since water is a greenhouse gas it leads to more increased global warming. This cause the cycle to continue. The result is that the humidity is increased. Global warming has caused the temperatures on the earth surface to rise and this has made the earth more inhabitable.

Ethical issues relating to fire investigation Essay

Ethical issues relating to fire investigation - Essay Example Unfortunately, this can usually imperil important physical evidence (Lentini 2006). It is hence vital that emergency services members are knowledgeable of, and employ, methods which are not merely effective, but deter unethical damage to the people, surroundings, and structure. This essay will discuss the ethics of fire and explosion investigation with regard to security of the scene, health and safety concerns, scene recording, and some other methods of forensic investigation. Once a scene has been secured, the investigation of proofs of cause can begin (Daeid 2004). This can range from a fairly easy undertaking where the damage or the larger scene is minimal, to the most difficult challenge requiring separating apparatus, larger numbers of investigators, examining grids, etc (Daeid 2004). In an explosion incident, the secured area should consist of both the main recovery area and the defence zone (Zonderman 1999). The main recovery area will extend to the point of the outermost projected point or portion of fire damage, whilst the defence zone should go beyond this expanse by one half, so as to facilitate preliminary underestimation and to restrain the possibility of removal of, or damage to, physical evidence (Horswell 2004). In a number of cases, specifically where there are directional features to the explosion, the secured zone may not be circular (Pepper 2005). Furthermore, it may be necessary in several situations, to restrict the size of the buffer area or to lessen it at certain points (Horswell 2004). For instance, this may be reasonable if a slight decrease in the buffer area would facilitate the operation of a railway line or where the impacts of the fire have been somewhat limited in a structure. In the instances of fires, the limits to the scene are fairly simpler to delineate (Horswell 2004). For fires in buildings, the whole structure should be protected because proofs of minor fires or deactivated ‘time-delay ignition

Civic Argument Editorial or Letter to the Editor Essay

Civic Argument Editorial or Letter to the Editor - Essay Example The quoted constraints incorporate monetary setbacks, firm media rivalry, opposition and competition, enterprise marketing affairs and dogmatized prejudice (or bias) tied to particular media personnel. It is evident that these drawbacks contributed to blinded, superficial, and stereotyped pattern of news presentation in various cultures (Lifton 22). Do those individuals who ceaselessly hinder media from capturing fundamental societal aspects and often unleash untold torture to media professionals comprehend the nitty gritty (or role per se) the media plays in fostering equity, tranquility, and interactive reverence among vast ethnical, doctrinal, and general humankind fraternity both within federal and global ranges? Do those who maliciously opt to use advanced technology to dispense information to the masses simply to feed their ego ever realize how much trauma they inflict to the victims who end up affected by their baseless rumours? These queries remind us that personal responsibility in ensuring that the correct intended information that extends to the public (or any other target group) is an inevitable priority. Also, in a bid to sound the depths of the resources that the vast contemporaneous technologies can offer clear regulations, demarcations, bills and codes will have to be put in place to subdue information conglomeration, analysis and dissemination and dispensation to the general public (Lifton 25). It therefore means without doubt that when we sacrifice our ego and aim at rectifying the warped and biased standpoints concerning the general media at large, the entire media corporations globally will transcend to stardom and eventually transform into authentic and firm backbone of the entire global awareness and

Thomas Paine Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thomas Paine - Research Proposal Example In July 1761, he returned to his native town of Thetford to work as a supernumerary officer for a bit more than one year. After that Paine moved to Lincolnshire and became an exciseman. His service continued until August 1765, when he was fired for "claiming to have inspected goods he did not inspect" (Conway, 1892). In 1767 Paine became a schoolteacher in London, but that occupation was also rather short: the next year he again took the position of exciseman Lewes, East Sussex. His service lasted for the next six years during which Paine serviced as exciseman and simultaneously managed a small tobacco shop. In 1771 he married Elizabeth Ollive and for the first time involved in the political issues: he joined the Society of Twelve, a local group of thinkers that periodically met to politics of the local authorities. In the beginning of 1774, Paine was again fired from his service and his tobacco shop collapsed so that he had to sell his household possessions to rid himself of debts. The second marriage was also childless and not happy. In 1774 he legally divorced Elizabeth Ollive and moved to London where he got acquainted with Benjamin Franklin, and in October same year upon receiving the letter of recommendation from Franklin who administered emigration to colonial America at that time, Thomas Paine traveled to Philadelphia (Ayer, 1990). The travel was very difficult and Paine barely survived it: it took him 6 weeks to fully recover. After recovery, he settled in Philadelphia, changed his birth name to 'Paine', and began to work as a journalist for the Pennsylvania Magazine (Conway, 1892). Strong eloquent style of Paine's articles and pamphlets immediately earned him a reputation of radical uncompromising fighter for the natural rights of man and freedom. On January 10, 1776, one Paine's most famous pamphlets known Common Sense was published. Some historians believe that the pamphlet became arguably the most essential piece of writing that had strong social and political influence on those day's developments that eventually led up to independence (Larkin, 2005). In particularly, Paine stated that: "Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one: for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a Government, which we might expect in a country without Government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer. Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built upon the ruins of the bowers of paradise" (Paine, 1776). Such very sharp and radical stance was the distinct feature of Paine's writing. Thus, he dismissed the King as a fool (labeled King George III as "the Royal Brute of Great Britain" (Jensen, 1968, p. 668) claiming that heredity is not always and not necessarily related with natural ability, that Britain used the colonies solely for obtaining profits treating the colonists in unacceptable fashion. Paine also urged the colonies to unite as quickly as possible to effectively protect their rights and believed that the only possible way to do so was to become fully independent: "Until an independence is declared, the continent will feel itself like a man who continues

Mother Teresa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mother Teresa - Essay Example This paper stresses that Mother Teresa was always passionate about missionary life and was able to locate any missionary on the map and tell their service given at each place. This probably led later to becoming a missionary herself. Let us take two different theories of Personality – Entity theory and Incremental theory and try to apply it to Mother Teresa’s life. Entity theory states that personal qualities, which are inherited or learnt from the parents or at home, are stable over the time. Incremental theory stresses that personal traits are changeable and can be developed over the time. This report makes a conclusion that she was much influenced by her mother for caring, loving and helping young and old, rich and poor all alike and to believe in God and to pray. Her mother Drana made sure that her children never wasted their time and had a helping mentality towards the poor and needy. This was deep rooted in Mother Teresa’s mind from her childhood and stayed till her death. This supports the entity theory. It just kept improving and she made her area of service broader by treating the sick and the dying. Loving and caring for children and poor was innate in her. Treating the sick was an acquired skill though the urge to do so came from within. Mother Teresa believed that God asked her to take care of the less privileged and thereafter she put her entire life into fulfilling God’s demand. So the aspect of treating the sick and dying can be attributed to the incremental theory.

Palagrism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Palagrism - Assignment Example Routmans assignment required her to watch a movie, and then provide an equivalent of the film to ship or port experiences. She did watch Europa Europa, and then referred to Wikipedia for proper historic wording. A day before the deadline of submitting the paper, the professor asked students who had plagiarised their work to give in. The Five of them who did were awarded zeros on their papers, but were not expelled (Laconte). Routman, however, never confessed her plagiarism since she thought she had done nothing wrong. The professor later on found out that she had borrowed several phrases Xerox to those on the online entry about the film. Routmans argument was that the words were historical features and not complete phrases as the professor claimed (Sampson). University officials disagreed with Routman, and so the case had to go through a panel. The panel found her guilty of plagiarism and expelled her from the school. She went ahead to file for an appeal, but even that, she was denied. Routman and a fellow student accused of the same were forced to disembark from the ship since they had been expelled from the university and so had no right to continue with the

Bill of Rights Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bill of Rights - Coursework Example There is also the danger that individual rights of speech and assembly and redressal of grievances can be used by canny citizens to trouble others, for example, the encouragement of an intrusive media, and unnecessary litigation in courts of law. While such a clause may have been necessary for the security of the individual in pioneering days (this is also debatable, as these arms were often trained on the original inhabitants-the Red Indians-who have today been unjustly herded into settlements, in their own land) now, it has led to lawlessness: shooting sprees in malls and schools, for instance. Fourth: This amendment was enacted to ensure privacy as well as protection against unlawful or malicious action against citizens by the agents of the state, which may also be seen as the benefit accruing to a citizen from it. There are circumstances when exceptions to the amendment become justified for the sake of the security of the state and citizenry. These exceptions are, for example, detainment and search of a person who behaves in a suspicious manner, or searching of persons in sensitive areas like airports/ border areas. As a matter of fact, the 9/11 incident possibly happened because of adhering strictly to the spirit of this amendment, whereby travellers at airports were not checked thoroughly. The advantage to the citizen was that it was fair to him. ... Fifth: This amendment was enacted to ensure fair treatment of the individual who is charged with a crime. The advantage to the citizen was that it was fair to him. Even a citizen charged for a crime has a right to be fairly treated, especially in the event that he is wrongly charged. The disadvantage is that a canny lawyer could use the amendment to subvert the justice system. Eg, in the OJ Simpson case, the criminal case against Simpson absolved him of the murder of his wife, Nicole, while civil proceedings held him culpable! Sixth: The amendment like the fifth was enacted to prevent arbitrary treatment of an accused, and to ensure justice for all. This is an excellent provision governing the justice system, to safeguard a citizen's rights, and to ensure speedy disposal of cases. Any negative feature of this could come about not because of the amendment per se, but because of the way the system could be perverted by those seeking to take advantage of it. (eg perverting the law by canny lawyers to adhere to the letter of it minus the spirit.) Seventh: England had courts of common law, which gave legal (monetary) relief, and courts for equity which decided non-monetarily (an injunction, for instance) This amendment sought to combine both the jurisdictions. The advantage or disadvantage of the amendment depends totally on the complications involved in a case-especially where both equity and common law elements are involved. Complexity in the actual application of the amendment is inevitable, not because of anything contained within it, but because judicial disaputes are essentially complicated. Eighth: This amendment was enacted to ensure humane treatment of a crimininal, and herein lay its strong point. But a habitual

Solving the Byod Problem for the Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Solving the Byod Problem for the Enterprise Essay Introduction Enterprise computing, as we know it, is facing a dimensional shift with the widespread diffusion of the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) phenomenon. BYOD is the latest trend hitting businesses where employees are bringing their own personal mobile devices. Some of these devices include smartphones and tablets which are brought into their place of work, and used on the corporate network for purposes such as accessing files, email servers, and databases. Over the past few years, employees in many organizations are bringing their own personal devices to the work environment to handle business needs. With employees using their own devices, CIOs and IT departments across the nation are frantically trying to keep up with their employees by ensuring their networks are safe and secure. There is no doubting mobile devices have taking over a big part of our lives. These devices travel with us wherever we go while always being within a short reach away. People are beginning to realize the usefulness of getting work done from their own mobile devices. With this trend enterprises are in need of a policy for employees bringing their own devices to work. Although a relaxed BYOD policy can offer an organization many benefits, it tends to be a double edged sword. A lax policy leaves sensitive data vulnerable; an overly strict one stifles employees trust relationship with their employer. A balance must be struck between offering employees a pleasant and enjoyable work environment and maintaining the security of enterprise data. As the expectations of workspace personnel evolve, organization leaders must find ways to adapt and overcome the challenges that arise when corporate culture has a conflict with social standards and consumer trends. Management must consider the potential detriment to the workforce morale and how this could ultimately result in productivity loss. This is evident in the current 90% of employers who have chosen to allow personal devices at work with little or no precautions (Miller, Voas, and Hurlburt, 2012). Most workers consider themselves, not the company, to be responsible for the personal devices they use for work purposes. This all begs the question, how should an organization go about implementing a BYOD policy? Which policy can best suit a particular type of business? Should organization leaders place priority on protecting its data assets, or must they protect the health of their workers? If the latter is chosen, what compromises must employees be expected to make to ensure a necessary, minimal level of security is in place? These are all the major questions IT departments are seeking answers for when providing a BYOD environment. This research paper will provide a working outline with the correct steps needed for the development process for a BYOD work environment. The paper will touch upon key subjects addressing the careful decisions that must be made in order to set up the proper policies. An organization’s main goal is making certain your business has both a safe and secure network while keeping the employees satisfied. II. Key Issues. The key issues for the implementation of BYOD involve five main areas. The main areas are people, planning, management of technology, assessment and execution. The first main area, people, involves how management must communicate with the enterprise’s employees, provide leadership and proper governance. The second area, planning, management must provide a plan to implement BYOD into the enterprise that aligns with the business,   communicates the IT strategy to the business and provides sound quality control. The third area, management of technology, IT management should provide a flexible and standard BYOD policy for employees. The fourth area, assessment, management should provide a way to measure risk, eliminate risk and provide a sufficient audit of the BYOD policy. Lastly, execution of the BYOD policy should provide an implementation that coincides with the needs of the other key issues. III. Models and Frameworks. Models and frameworks provide the ability to analyze, â€Å"a structured set of essential components of an object for which clear expressions is necessary and perhaps even mandatory for creating, operating, and changing the object† (Zachman, 2008). The object is the enterprise and the ability to implement any new business policy requires structure from models and frameworks. The models and frameworks that relate to providing structure in implementing BYOD are the Zachman Framework, Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Risk IT framework and Val IT Framework. The Zachman Framework is the foundation for architecture of any kind and enterprises that are growing in complexity can be represented with the Zachman Framework. With bring your own device the enterprise architecture of an organization will need to change to fit with the architecture change that BYOD brings. The two columns from the Zachman Framework that BYOD will affect is the Where and W ho columns. The Where column involves the network and how the system of an enterprise will change in regard to BYOD. The technology will need to be provided by or to employees that will change the architecture of an enterprise. The system will be with employees everywhere which means the business will be with employees everywhere they go. Leaving the business in a more vulnerable state that may create the loss of important data, which will increase the need for employees to be more responsible. The Who column needs to interact with the Where column that provides a distributed system that will require Responsibility from the organization’s employees. The business role of the employee’s device will need to have specifications, be defined and represented. The engineer perspective will need to define for the devices role for both the device and employee. The architect perspective will need to   define the potential locations for the system and where it can reach. With a clearly defined system role for the devices themselves the business management perspective should focus on how the devices are defined for the employees. To implement BYOD the enterprise will need to focus on those columns of the Zachman Framework. While the Zachman Framework provides the structure organizations will need the Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory provides aspects of innovation that will help mold business policies that should increase the ability of BYOD to be implemented. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory provides four theory elements. The four theory elements are the innovation, communication, time and social system. â€Å"The innovation does not need to be new in terms of being recently developed, it only needs to be new to the person or organization that is adopting and implementing it† (Lundblad, 2003). The theory continues that there are five parts to the innovation that increase rate of implementation as each of these characteristics increase. The five characteristics of the innovation are â€Å"relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability (Rogers, 1995)† (Lundblad, 2003). Relative advantage is a perceived improvement over the current status. To implement BYOD their needs to be a perceived improvement according to the employee’s view. Planning the implementation of BYOD will help make sure the improvement is seen and the employees will accept the innovation. The characteristic, Compatibility measures how well the innovation aligns with organization. Implementing the system in line with the organization with good understanding of the business will increase the compatibility and make the implementation possible. The next characteristic is complexity which is the measure of ease of use. Knowing the end users of the implementation and what they want in a BYOD implementation will help them have a positive user experience and increase the rate of adoption. Another characteristic is trialability. It is the measure of testing and more testing makes adoption faster. Providing good quality control when testing will make sure that the implementation will be in line with the implementation planning. The last characteristic is observability and it is the measure of visibility others have of the innovation and if more visible the faster the adoption. Providing end users with a positive visible experience will make employees more willing to go along with the innovation. â€Å"The second element of Rogers diffusion of innovation theory is communication, or the process by which people develop and share information with each other to achieve common understanding (Rogers, 1995)† (Lundblad, 2003). The need for IT managers to speak the business’s language is very important. So an emphasis will need to be on communication for the IT department to ensure all needs of the business are being met. â€Å"Realizing value from business change requires effective communication† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). Time and social system are the last two theory elements. Time involves the different adoption rates of innovation and social system involves members in group or organization with a common goal. â€Å"Opinion leaders, change agents, and champions are the people within a social system who have the ability to influence the diffusion of innovation within a social system (Rogers, 1995)† (Lundblad, 2003). Winning over the most influential employees of the business will help influence other employees and ensure the business wants the implementation of BYOD to succeed. The last two frameworks needed to be taken into account when implement BYOD is Risk IT framework and Val IT Framework. The Risk IT framework needs to be taken into account when implementing BYOD or any other system. There are six Risk IT principles that will help effectively assess risk. The Risk IT principles are connect to business objectives, align IT risk management with ERM, balance cost/benefit of IT risk, Promote fair and open communication, establish tone at the top and accountability and function as part of daily activities. (ISACA, 2009) Effective enterprise governance of IT risk should have the potential amount of risk the enterprise is ready to take clearly defined with business objectives (ISACA, 2009). â€Å"Effective enterprise governance of IT risk always connects to business objectives† (ISACA, 2009). Controls should also be implemented to address risk. â€Å"Controls are implemented to address a risk and based on a cost-benefit analysis. In other words, controls are not implemented for the sake of implementing controls† (ISACA, 2009). IT risk should always be taken into account. â€Å"Risk management practices are appropriately prioritized and embedded in enterprise decisionmaking process† (ISACA, 2009). Val IT is another framework that should be assessed when implementing BYOD to ensure the creation of value with the implementation. Val IT is used with CobIT, â€Å"Val IT both complements CobIT and is supported by it† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). â€Å"CobIT processes manage all IT-related activities within the enterprise† (ISACA, 2009). â€Å"Val IT and CobIT provide business and IT decision makers with a comprehensive framework for the creation of value from the delivery of high-quality IT-based services† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). Four questions can be asked to assess the enterprise and ensure value. (IT Governance Institute, 2008). All the frameworks of Risk IT, Val IT and CobIT can interconnect and provide an efficient management of IT. (ISACA, 2009)With both Val IT and CobIT, Risk IT can help enhance risk management and should be applied to an enterprise that is implementing a BYOD policy. IV. Plan of Action PLANNING Planning should be considered a crucial part when creating a BYOD policy. Depending on how a policy is created will determine the success it has going forward. A lackadaisical approach during the development can cost a company immediate complications (Pendleton, 2012). The planning stage is where management will cover the concerns and questions related to creating a standard policy for the organization to administer. It is imperative the planning stage not be taking lightly. Planning should never be rushed or thrown together in an â€Å"ad-hoc† like manner. Carelessness shown during planning can have devastating effects for the company’s future (McKendrick, 2012). PEOPLE Developing a successful policy should promote an open collaboration between both the employees and the organization (AbsoluteSoftware 2012). Important details to include are the specifics for the guidelines set for users on the network. These areas of policy can become very blurry for both organizations and their staff to deal with (Kaneshige, 2012). It is vital to outline details for what usages are allowed on the network, a user’s classification on the network, the user restrictions for specific classifications, and the disciplinary actions for abusing the use. Personal ownership must be directly associated to the users on the network. Violations to the end-user agreement develop for network usage must be outlined with explanations that are clear and concise. Management must set a good example by following the regulations put into place just as any employees are expected to do. Realizing value from business change requires effective communication- a critical requirement difficult to achieve without widespread acceptance of a consistent set of terminology† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). MANAGING TECHNOLOGY When initiating a policy into the business structure there are key subject matters to be addressed. It is important to designate the governance for the plan being implemented. So there will be an enterprise wide discipline for the policy. Each device that is allowed to have access to the network becomes a problem waiting to happen if lost or worse, stolen with malicious intent. There are key strategies to keep in mind when preparing a solution for defending against possible vulnerabilities on mobile devices. The components offering the most reliable solutions are focusing on access control and identity management (Chickowski, 2012). The capability to have both the control and visibility on events on the company’s network is key for management. Lately, there has been various mobile security providers stating the solution is to control the data, rather than the device itself (Corbin, 2012). Personal owners are still strongly encouraged in taking preventive actions to securing th eir device. Nevertheless, IT departments can only do so much [software-wise] when taking security precautions handling devices on the network. In the case of IT being the direct barrier of prevention, the use of devices and   software the directed focus is more information-centric (Corbin, 2012). IT staff must direct attention towards securing data itself by blending the right amount of features to check authorizations and authentications. This layered approach centered at the information will provide more control over security wherever it should move or stop. The protection of corporate data is of utmost importance for a business. Any data obtained through lost or stolen devices would be a nightmare for an organization; but, having data fall into the wrong hands could compromise a company’s integrity to other competitors can be disastrous. Therefore, it is crucial that preventive measures are put in place to ensure the integrity of an organization and its data. A beneficial solution to security is to include proper hardware and software that facilitates automatic provisioning that can be administered by the IT de partment. The Identity Services Engine (IES) by Cisco is one great example to the controllability needed for security. This software offers an efficient way for enterprises to manage network connections through an identity and access control policy platform. With access to vital information in real-time, enterprises can make proactive governance decisions about access (Cisco, 2012). This is the type of authority organizations need to ensure a safer network for users while securing valuable data. In connection with the security policies established there are legal issues bound to arise from the control organizations place over data being transferred and stored on employee devices. This topic of rights can leave both sides feeling uneasy. Nonetheless, businesses must protect their data that accessed by users on the network. The development process of the BYOD policies is where organizations will want to include details pertaining to ownership. Such discussion must include the liability for the information being used, how and when should a device-wipe be used, and exit strategies taken for employees leaving the business (Hassell, 2012). A great example of this problem would be defining the jurisdiction concerning who has authority and rights of the data located on an employee’s device if he or she should be terminated or leave the company. These are all big issues that must be addressed depending on the vulnerability of your corporate data; otherwise, this going unstated that lead to annoying litigation for management. EXECUTION/ASSESSMENT Finally, once the components of execution and governance have been covered it is necessary for the organization to assess its current transition. It is here management must audit the new BYOD strategy to determine their Return on Investment (ROI). When reviewing the results of a recently implemented strategy there are two sets of key questions to measure the success of its use. The governance-related questions based from a Val IT approach include: Are we doing the right things? (The strategic question) and Are we getting the benefits desired? (The value question). The last set of questions are COBIT focused taking on an IT view. These two are: Are we doing them the right way? (The architecture question) and Are we getting them done well? (The delivery question) (IT Governance Institute, 2012). The combination of both the Val IT and COBIT frameworks create a synergistic relationship that will ensure a highquality IT-based service is creating value across the enterprise. V. Critical Success Factors The critical success factors for successful management of the BYOD policy are to plan, manage, assess, execute and communicate. Planning must be done first using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Zachman Framework as a basis to planning to ensure the BYOD policy is going to be accepted by the enterprise’s employees and align with the business. Communication needs to be an important part of planning to understand the business objectives. Planning must include how BYOD will be managed, executed, communicated and assessed. The management of the technology needs to ensure data safety using authentication and governance. The BYOD policy needs to be assessed before execution. â€Å"The risk that a large IT-enabled project will fail for lack of business change should be assessed by top management at the very conception of the project and by project management at key phases over the life of the project† (Gibson, 2004). Other frameworks to assess the BYOD policy are Risk IT, Val IT and CobIT. These are needed to understand the business risk associated with the BYOD policy, ensure value and assess the IT processes involved in the IT strategy switch. To execute, management needs to implement the policy with good quality control aligning it with the plan and technology management of the BYOD policy. Management needs to also communicate the governance and rules of the BYOD policy to ensure discipline. Explanation of consequences is also needed so employees understand the consequences of their actions using their own devices as a part of the enterprise. Lastly, the BYOD policy will need to be audited continuously to guarantee the safety and integrity of information while operating properly to attain the enterprise’s goals and objectives. Work Cited Aala Santhosh Reddy. (June 2012). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Making It Work For Your Organization. In Slideshare.com for Cognizant Research Center. Retrieved , from http://www.slideshare.net/cognizant/making-byod-work-for-your-organization 13450463. BYOD Policy Implementation Guide. London: Absolute Software, 2012. PDF. Cisco Systems, Inc.. (2012). Cisco Identity Services Engine Software 1.1.1 (aka 1.1MR). In Cisco. Retrieved , from http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/vpndevc/ps5712/ps11637/ps11195/qa_ 67-658591.html. Ericka Chickowski. (June 19, 2012). Visibility and Control Still an Issue With BYOD Policies. I Network Computing: For IT By IT. Retrieved , from http://www.networkcomputing.com/security/visibility-and-control-still-an-issue wi/240002308. Gibson, C. (2004). It-enabled business change: An approach to understanding and managing risk. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? ISACA. (2009). The risk it framework. Retrieved from http://www.isaca.org/Knowledge Center/Risk-IT-IT-Risk-Management/Pages/Risk-IT1.aspx IT Governance Institute. (2008). Enterprise value: Governance of it investments. the val it framework 2.0. Retrieved from http://www.isaca.org/KnowledgeJoe McKendrick. (October 23, 2012). 10 steps for writing a secure BYOD policy. In ZDNet.com. Retrieved , from http://www.zdnet.com/10-steps-for-writing-a-secure-byod-policy 7000006170/ Jonathan Hassell. (May 17, 2012). 7 Tips for Establishing a Successful BYOD Policy. In CIO.com. Retrieved , from http://www.cio.com/article/706560/7_Tips_for_Establishing_a_Successful_BYOD_Poli y. Kaneshige, T . (March 06, 2012). BYOD: Making Sense of the Work-Personal Device Blur. In CIO.com. Retrieved , from http://www.cio.com/article/701545/BYOD_Making_Sense_of_the_Work_Personal_De ce_Blur. Kenneth Corbin. (August 23, 2012). BYOD Security Demands Mobile Data Protection Strategy. In CIO.com. Retrieved , from http://www.cio.com/article/714550/BYOD_Security_Demands_Mobile_Data_Protecti n_Strategy. Lundblad, J. (2003). A review and critique of rogers diffusion of innovation theory as it applies to organizations.Organization Development Journal, 21(4), 50-64. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197971687?accountid=7113 Miller, K., Voas, J., Hurlburt, G. (2012). BYOD: Security and Privacy Considerations. IT Professionals. 14 (5), 53-55. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org Mark Pendleton. (August 13, 2012). Top Concerns When Creating a BYOD Policy. In NEC Corporation of America . Retrieved , from http://info.necunified.com/bid/153070/Top Concerns-When-Creating-a-BYOD-Policy. Rob Humphrey. (March 07, 2012). Manage Risks Reap Rewards: BYOD. In Kensington Safe Zone with Rob Humphrey Blog

The History And Development Of Forensic Science

The History And Development Of Forensic Science The use of forensic techniques has been used throughout history to solve crimes; initiating from the early existence of man, Forensic Science was intact in its simplest forms and kept on expanding throughout the prehistoric era. Prehistoric forensics is also considered as the building blocks of modern forensic techniques. In the first instance a case indicating the use of forensics was reported in ancient Rome circa in 1000 A.D. An attorney Quintilian used a handprint full of blood to prove that a blind man had been wrongly accused for the murder of his own mother. In addition the first Forensic Autopsy laid out the foundations of forensics and was first executed on Julius Caesar by the Roman physician, Antistius in 44 BC. Subsequently this Autopsy revealed that Caesar was subjected to 23 stab wounds; only one of which had proven fatal. Thus assembling the basis of Pathology and enabling an insight into the cause of death of the deceased. Additionally acknowledgement of the importance of a corpse in solving a crime was recognised and awareness of the causes of death came into question; aiding the development of this area of forensics. During prehistoric times around 700 BC the very first fingerprints were conducted by pressing a handprint into clay and rock. Archaeologists in a province of Canada known as Nova Scotia revealed an ancient drawing, outlining the detailed ridge patterns of fingerprints and a hand. In accumulation the ancient Babylonians developed fingerprints on clay tablets for use as business transactions and identification. Also during the 7th Century BC an Arabic merchant named Solemn affixed the fingerprints of a mortgager to a bill; which would be transferred over to the lender and would be documented as legal proof of a valid debt. In addition the Chinese also used this technique to affix fingerprints into clay sculptures to be used as a form of identity. Due to no classification system and common misconceptions of identity meant that this was a vital discovery; therefore fingerprints were considered as documented evidential proof in business. Archimedes between (287-212 BC) displayed the first recorded account of density and resistance by examining water displacement; enabling them to be able to ascertain that a crown was being falsely portrayed as gold. Analysis of density and toughness of the crown determined that it was not made of gold. Furthermore in 250 BC an ancient Greek physician, called Erasistratus, found that when a person was not telling the truth, the pulse rate of that person increased. Consequently this laid out the principles for the very first lie detection test; modern day lie detection is known as a polygraph and based on the changes in pulse rate/heart, galvanic skin response GSR (sweating), blood pressure and vast or sudden changes in the sympathetic nervous system. Forensics during the 1000- 1700s During this time period over 700 years, mankind discovered vast amounts of knowledge in all the diverse fields of forensics. Acknowledgment and attention to detail increased towards the end of the 16th century so much so that documents had been published showing the fine detail of fingerprints. Henceforth this aided the world of forensics in successfully developing and recognising individual human characteristics. In 1000 A.D. crime scene investigation, advanced to an extent where an attorney Quintillion was able to identify and examine hand prints covered in blood, to prove that a blind man had been trapped for the murder of his own mother. Additionally the Chinese went on further, in 1248 AD the development of the first written documentation for identifying distinctive crime via a book was published in china. In ancient China clay seals were found to consist of thumbprints. Subsequently this was one of the first books published named Hsi Duan Yu, which means The Washing Away of Wrong. This book consisted of medical knowledge which helped establish the differences in the recognition of crimes such as drowning and strangling. Consequently this book is considered as the first recorded evidence combining medicine to crime solving practices. It also consists of recorded information that outlines the basis of forensic pathology. The book His Duan Yu aided the development and enhancement of pathology and is still is considered as a valuable resource. In 1249 an Italian surgeon Hugh of Lucca took an oath as a medical expert in the city of Bologna; he gained fame for his comprehension regarding the antiseptic treatment of wounds. More than 50 years later in the year 1302 an Italian named Bartolommeo da Varignana from the same city of Bologna carried out a medical autopsy regarding a case of a murder suspect, involved in the murder of a noble man. Nearly a century and half later in 1447 a body was identified as that of Charles French Duke of Burgundy from the absent teeth which were the clue in solving the murder; his body consisted of teeth which had been knocked out whilst he was still alive and recognition of these missing teeth and scars gave an indication to his identity. Therefore this case can be considered as one of the first indications of Forensic Odontology. The French have also played a remarkable role in discoveries through the years. A French Surgeon from the year 1509-1590, called Amboise Pare wrote and published reports in court; thus producing a book which is deliberated as being the first conclusive test on legal medicine. During the 1600s the world of science had opened up with an expansion of discoveries which were taking place at a phenomenal rate. In 1601 the first treatise on systematic document examination was published in France by a French man called Francois Damelle. This document was written before the developments of inks and paper. However comparison of handwriting could be subjected to analysis and identified. Modern day handwriting analysis is conducted by a Forensic Document Examiner, who detects forgeries e.g. signatures. Moreover a Forensic Document Examiner has the task of examining documents created using photocopiers and fax machines; this is done by examining the ink and paper alongside the handwriting and its other foreign inclusions. Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) was an English Physician and Historian who acknowledged that a substance known as Adipocere was formed on the body of the deceased. He described this substance as fatty, waxy and soap like. It also came into recognition that Adipocere was formed on human corpses; mostly buried in moist and air free places. Persistently this substance was under analysis and a French chemist known as Antoine Franà §ois (1755-1809) discovered the chemical speciality of Adipocere whilst examining bodies; recognising its chemical similarity to soap. Subsequently this discovery was of huge progression dating back to prehistoric times (44 BC) where Antistius found that only one stab wound proved fatal during the killing of Julius Caesar. Therefore understanding of pathology was growing at an astounding rate and people started discovering the solution to crimes via science instead of relying on witchcraft. Also in 1686 Marcello Malpighi a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna went on further to allow documentation of the different characteristics of fingerprints e.g. whorls, ridges, loops and spirals. Although Malpighi documented the patterns of fingerprints he did not mention there importance in the use of crime detection and how they are part of an individuals characteristics; hence the vital importance they play when used as identification methods. However a layer of skin approximately 1.8mm thick is named after him and is known as the Malpighi layer. A crucial discovery was made in 1775 by Karl Wilhelm Scheele. He discovered that it was possible to change Arsenious Oxide into Arsenious acid; when reacted with zinc it produces arsine. Subsequently this procedure proved to be of vital importance in forensic detection of arsenic. One of the first uses of documented physical matching was established in 1786, when John Toms an Englishman was convicted of murder. Evidential proof showed a torn wad of paper found in a pistol matching another piece in his pocket. Enhancement of Forensics during the 1800- 1900s In history this time period is considered as the growth and spread of Forensic Science. In the early 1800s where ideas were still at large and developing an English Naturalist named Thomas Bewick used his own fingerprints to identify the books he published. He did this by engraving them in order to identify the books he published. Henceforth astounding research on fingerprints came about in 1823 when Professor John evangelist published his proposition which consisted of the discussion of 9 fingerprint patterns. However there was no mention of use in personal identification. In 1810 Germany, the first recorded documented analysis was undertaken. Also a chemical test for a specific ink dye is applied to a document named as the Konigin Hanschritt. Mathieu Bonaventure published the Traite des Poisons in 1813 and was a professor at the University of Paris who specialised in medicinal and forensic chemistry. Considered as the father of modern toxicology due to his significant contributions he also aided the development of presumptive blood detection tests to indicate the presence of blood. Furthermore he was credited for his attempt to identify blood samples using the microscope. Similarly in 1817 Bateman described senile ecchymosis as he records dark purple blotches to determine that they are present due to extravasation of blood into specific tissues in the body known was dermal tissues. Similarly professor of Forensic Medicine in the year 1829 called Sir Robert Christenson published his treatise on poisons. This piece of publication was well thought out and regarded as the standard work of toxicology written in the English language. A year later in 1830 Lambert Adolph a statistician from Belgium outlined the foundations for Bertillons work by putting forward his belief that no human bodies are exactly alike. Persistently in 1831 Erhard Friedrich Leuchs describes the first Activity in human saliva on starch via the action of salivary ptyalin which is known as amylase. The year 1835 bought about the recognition of a field of forensics known as ballistics; hence the founded comparison by Henry Goddard on a visible flaw in the bullet revealed that it originated from a mold. Thus outlining the first use of bullet comparison to catch a murderer was conducted. Likewise in 1836 an English chemist known as James Marsh progresses and identifies a test for the presence of arsenic in tissues. This was later known as the Marsh Test and is known to be very sensitive for detecting as little as 0.02 mg arsenic. It is also known to be the first test of toxicology to be used in a jury trial. Consistently throughout the 1800s many vital discoveries were made Dr John Davy in 1839 was involved in one of the first attempts in investigating time of death. He used a mercury thermometer to experiment on dead soldiers to acknowledge body temperature since the time of death. Furthermore during this year the first well set out procedures for the microscopic detection of sperm and the different microscopic characterisation of the different substrate fabrics. Also in 1840 Mathieu Bonaventure applied the marsh test correctly and discovers arsenic in the corpse. After this a polish anatomist called Ludic Karol initiated a document on the crystallisation of certain organic compounds present in blood. After this the test which indicated the presence of blood on the cloths of a suspect and various items became broadly used in forensic science. During the mid-1800s, Richard Leach in 1855 established the use of dry plate photography for keeping prison records via photographing inmates. In addition Amboise August attracts attention to petechial haemorrhages which take place in asphyxia deaths. Modern research proved this wrong; however the belief is so persistent that many forensic pathologists still find this hard to discard. In 1863 the German scientist Christian Friedrich first discovers the capability of haemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it foam aiding the presumptive test for the presence of blood. Additionally towards the end of the year 1863 Taylor and Wilkes wrote a paper on the acknowledgement of time of death by distinguishing the fall in body temperature. Successful completion of this bought about terms and concepts such as the initial temperature, core, heat gradient and also the effect of insulation. The fingerprint discovery enhanced in 1870 when Henry Faulds took up a study involving skin furrows after noticing fingerprints on specimens of prehistoric pottery. Faulds not only acknowledged the importance of fingerprints for individualisation purposes but also planned a method of classification. Later in 1880 Faulds becomes the first person to recognize the significance of latent prints left at crime scenes. On the same agenda Argentinian Juan Venetic established the first criminal fingerprint id system; identifying a woman for the murder of her two sons. In the late 1800s Sir Francis Galton publishes his book on fingerprints outlining the first classification system. Galton identifies fingerprints by observing individuality and permanence still in use today it is known as Galtons Details. Progressively Sir Edward Richard develops this print classification and is later used in Europe. Towards the early 1900s discoveries were enhancing and the use of Forensic Science began its journey across the globe, diverging into various sectors. Human blood groups were first discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; this was later adapted to be used as a validation method on type stains. Subsequently in 1902 Henry Forrest creates the first systematic use of fingerprints and later in 1903 the New York State Prison uses fingerprints for criminal identification. A breakthrough in the world of forensics and increased understanding was developed when the Lenquete criminelle was published by Dr Edmund Locard a great professor within the forensics field who stated that every contact leaves a trace, Dr Edmund- Locard, (1904). Subsequently this statement became known as Locards Exchange principal. The statement in a wider sense implied that every time an individual comes in contact with a place or another individual, something of that individual is left behind at the place; thus something of that place is taken away with the individual. During the course of the 1900s the development of blood groups, criminal identification system and also Gunshot residue tests such as the diphenylamine were developing at an astonishing rate. The mid 1950s show signs of a huge awareness of attention to detail this can be seen when Max Frei-Sulzer discovered the tape lifting method for collecting trace evidence. Many Forensic Techniques began developing such as Gas Chromatography and also identification of petroleum brands came into question. A decade later in 1960 Brian Cull-ford of the British Metropolitan Police Laboratory (BMPL) starts gel based methods to test for enzymes in dry bloodstains and other bodily fluids. Over next 40 years Forensic Science had become so advanced that many of the techniques are still used today; a technique known as Scanning Electron Microscopy was developed in 1974 at the Aerospace Corporation which involves the use of electron dispersive X-rays technology and is still in use today. On the other hand a handy mechanism known as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System was introduced by the FBI in 1977, providing the first computerized fingerprints. Other techniques such as Superglue fuming came under analysis and many techniques developed regarding fingerprints. UK police also initiate Forensic DNA profiling and later solves the Colin Pitchfork murder case. In 1991 development of a system known as Integrated Ballistics Identification System was put into practice with Drug Fire for automated imaging and comparison of marks left on fired bullets etc. Simultaneously many databases were being established. In 1996 the Police National Computer (PNC) was introduced in the UK and the FBI in 1998 released a DNA database known as NIDIS. Up until the present time development of forensic databases is still at large such as the 2007 Footwear coding and detection management system developed in the UK; assisting in detection of footwear marks found at crime scenes and comparing them with a controlled sample stored on the Footwear Database. Many modern techniques such as ESLA and Casting prove useful and efficient in the detection of footwear marks. Similarly the fingerprinting database has enhanced to an extent where it stores over 18.6 million set of ten-prints and the techniques used to retrieve prints are quick and efficient such as Florescent Magnetic and bi-chromatic powders, Superglue Fuming, Ninhydrin and Iodine fuming. Hair analysis has developed by means of Mass Spectroscopy, recently in April 2011 a new laser technique has revealed that separating out parts of hair samples can answer valuable questions about a person such as; what they have consumed recently including clues which can aid forensic scientists to understand what led them to behave in such a way. One of technologys most advanced discoveries is the PNC which immensely aided forensics since 1996 as it contains multiple databases including Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) which can detect cars without insurance, stolen and disqualified drivers. The PNC is available 24 hours a day and can produce results within minutes. Earlier this year in February 2012 the police were provided with blackberry smart phones which enclose a fingerprint scanning device enabling them to scan fingerprints and cross link these through the PNC to establish a match; thus painting a clearer and wider image of the suspects true identity. Additionally Police use a technique known as the Face Building System it works by enabling the victim to identify the perpetrator by putting forward many different facial characteristics; helping build an image of an offender for public appeal. Advancing technology in the near future may take forensics to a whole new level with a new Face Recognition System which could be used by police officers to scan faces and cross link them to the Mug shots stored on the PNC; drastically reducing the presence of Identity Freud in the UK. Till the present day forensics has proven of immense use, its phenomenal and rapid development through the ages has led to numerous crimes being solved. Vast amount of detail that has arisen through the years, allows the expansion of forensic fields which enable them to split into unique and diverse divisions e.g. Forensic Odontology. This is the study of dental evidence such as bite marks or even human remains in order to establish the identity of an individual. During this modern era; astonishingly increasing technology proceeds to thrive the success of crime detection and unravels many forensic cases at a remarkable rate; making the jobs of criminals considerably harder. Statistics provided by npia police

Lolita: The Etymology of a Nymphet :: Essays Papers

Lolita: The Etymology of a Nymphet The novel Lolita concerns a relationship characterized by obsession by a middle aged man, Humbert, for a prepubescent girl, Lolita. This fictional relationship has been a source of many questions as to what the writer, Vladimir Nabokov, had in mind when he wrote the novel. Thus, the novel has been looked at from different aspects in attempting to come up with what it portrays. Humbert, in his flowery description of Lolita, uses the word "nymphet" to refer not only to her but also to other girls of her age and characteristics. Little girls that came his way before Lolita, he describes as nymphets too. The purpose of this analysis will be to discover what exactly Humbert refers to as a nymphet in the novel Lolita in relation to the type of image today's society sees as a nymphet with the goal of establishing whether or not the novel portrays the influence of a nymphet. It will attempt to find the similarities and differences between the image of a nymphet that Lolita portrays and the real life image of today. The history of the word "nymphet" in English does not go beyond 1955 when the novel Lolita was published because its first use is in the novel. It was introduced into English by Mr. Humbert Humbert himself. Through his unique sexual perception, Humbert describes the behavior or the sexually luring ability of little girls as unnatural or nymphic: "Now I wish to introduce the following idea. Between the age limits of nine and fourteen there occur maidens who, to certain bewitched travelers, twice or many times older than they, reveal their true nature which is not human, but nymphic (that is, demoniac); and these chosen creatures I propose to designate as "nymphets (16)" Nymphic is adjectival for the noun 'nymph' and the Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia defines nymphs to be, in "Greek and Roman mythology, lesser divinities or spirits of nature, dwelling in groves and fountains, forests, meadows, streams, and the sea, represented as mortal and beautiful creatures that were sometimes love objects to olympian maidens, fond of music and dancing." They could also be "vengeful and destructive", a character that will be shown to work against Humbert, not physically, but emotionally. Humbert's image of a nymphet is enhanced by the thoughts and memories of Annabel that he harbors. He sees Lolita as a reincarnation of Annabel: "It was the same child - the same frail, honey-hued shoulders, the same silky supple bare back, the same chestnut head of hair" (39). Lolita: The Etymology of a Nymphet :: Essays Papers Lolita: The Etymology of a Nymphet The novel Lolita concerns a relationship characterized by obsession by a middle aged man, Humbert, for a prepubescent girl, Lolita. This fictional relationship has been a source of many questions as to what the writer, Vladimir Nabokov, had in mind when he wrote the novel. Thus, the novel has been looked at from different aspects in attempting to come up with what it portrays. Humbert, in his flowery description of Lolita, uses the word "nymphet" to refer not only to her but also to other girls of her age and characteristics. Little girls that came his way before Lolita, he describes as nymphets too. The purpose of this analysis will be to discover what exactly Humbert refers to as a nymphet in the novel Lolita in relation to the type of image today's society sees as a nymphet with the goal of establishing whether or not the novel portrays the influence of a nymphet. It will attempt to find the similarities and differences between the image of a nymphet that Lolita portrays and the real life image of today. The history of the word "nymphet" in English does not go beyond 1955 when the novel Lolita was published because its first use is in the novel. It was introduced into English by Mr. Humbert Humbert himself. Through his unique sexual perception, Humbert describes the behavior or the sexually luring ability of little girls as unnatural or nymphic: "Now I wish to introduce the following idea. Between the age limits of nine and fourteen there occur maidens who, to certain bewitched travelers, twice or many times older than they, reveal their true nature which is not human, but nymphic (that is, demoniac); and these chosen creatures I propose to designate as "nymphets (16)" Nymphic is adjectival for the noun 'nymph' and the Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia defines nymphs to be, in "Greek and Roman mythology, lesser divinities or spirits of nature, dwelling in groves and fountains, forests, meadows, streams, and the sea, represented as mortal and beautiful creatures that were sometimes love objects to olympian maidens, fond of music and dancing." They could also be "vengeful and destructive", a character that will be shown to work against Humbert, not physically, but emotionally. Humbert's image of a nymphet is enhanced by the thoughts and memories of Annabel that he harbors. He sees Lolita as a reincarnation of Annabel: "It was the same child - the same frail, honey-hued shoulders, the same silky supple bare back, the same chestnut head of hair" (39).

Common Threads in George Orwells 1984 and Todays Society Essay

Common Threads in George Orwell's 1984 and Today's Society "Big Brother is Watching You"(Orwell 5). This simple phrase has become the cornerstone of the conspiracy theorists dialog. George Orwell may have writing a cautionary novel with 1984, but there is little possibility that he could have foreseen how close to reality his novel would truly become. In the past 50 years, the world has become a much more dangerous place. Along with this danger has come a call for governments to do more to protect their citizens. This Protection has changed over the years, but it has become more and more invasive in order to "protect" the populations from various "threats". Orwell introduces the reader to a future where the government monitors every citizen through a "telescreen". These telescreens broadcast news and various government sanctioned facts at all times, but they also, "Received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper would be picked up by it"(Orwell 6). These devices can also visually monitor Winston as long as he is within its field of vision. Obviously, in the late 1940's, no such device actually existed, but since then, governments have developed many other forms of electronic intrusion into their citizen's lives. In London today, there is a "ring of steel", which was set up to protect the citizens from terrorist acts. This ring is actually a system of cameras, which can zoom in on individual faces and recognize them from a database of millions of red-listed individuals. This is probably the closest a society has come to actually installing actual telescreens in homes. Our Constitution protects us from being spied on in our homes like the citizens of Oceania... ...e world of human persecution, walking around inside of it, and reproducing it in literary form"(220). 1984 is exactly that then, a literary warning to all readers of the ultimate in human persecution, where individuals do not exist, and forces controlling society have complete and utter control over all aspects of their minions lives. Our own age has fallen into the majority of the pitfalls presented in 1984, if you have committed any crime, misrepresented yourself in any way, or simply taken out a library book that has been black listed, you can be punished by law without ever having the faintest idea of being monitored. Knowing this, and knowing where we could end up hopefully helps us to be able to correct our mistakes before they are taken too far and we end up in the basement of Miniluv. Works Cited: Orwell, George. 1984. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949.

Marketing Is Marketing :: essays research papers

Introduction: â€Å"Marketing is marketing, irrespective of the product or marketplace†. This is a theme common to many introductory marketing texts and degree courses. The two most common exceptions cited to this proposition are buying behavior models between consumers and business buyers and the extended ingredients of the services marketing mix. While the overall sentiments of marketing hold true across product and market boundaries, perhaps the differences are in fact more marked? Intends to spark some discussion pertaining to the extent to which marketers can safely generalize when discussing the nature and characteristics of marketing. Are we correct in offering students and in-company training program generalizations that cut across the marketing domain? Are we doing justice to the core nuances if we simply draw out the variations between consumer goods, services, industrial and business-to-business marketing? Is there a different perspective that should, in the new millennium, be th e focus of textbooks and marketing courses? Content Indicators: readability, Practice implications, originality, Research Implications* Marketing is marketing, irrespective of the product or marketplace. This is a theme common to many introductory marketing texts and courses. The two most common exceptions cited to this proposition are buying behavior models between consumers and business buyers and the extended ingredients of the services marketing mix (cf. Dibb et al., 1997; Kotler, 1998). While the overall sentiments of marketing hold true across product and market boundaries, perhaps the differences are in fact more marked? The marketers of services were the first to â€Å"speak out†, arguing that the nature of marketing is different owing to the basic characteristics of services:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  intangibility;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct organization-client relationship;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  consumer participation in the production process; and  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complexity. The upshot for services marketers has been the extension of the marketing mix from the classical product, price, place (channel) and promotion â€Å"4Ps† to include at least people, physical evidence (ambience) and process. These marketers also point to the characteristics of services, notably intangibility of the service â€Å"product†, restricting opportunities for creating a differential advantage over competitors, with the inevitable dependence for differentiation and competitive edge on branding initiatives and personnel. While services marketers have outlined significant differences for â€Å"their marketing†, on the whole, texts and marketers have argued there are relatively only minor differences between the marketing of consumer goods and industrial or business-to-business goods. This paper is intended to spark some discussion pertaining to the extent to which marketers can safely generalize when discussing the nature and characteristics of industrial, business-to-business marketing.

Organizational Structure Essay

Facebook is a social-networking site that has a strong organization structure that is appropriate for their particular product; social media. Facebook seems like a simple site that does not require a structure to operate. Facebook launched in 2004 and is currently the most popular social-networking site. People can share photos, stories, life experiences of both positive and negative. This strong organization structure has allowed Facebook to grow and continue to be strong in a competitive marketplace where the product is one’s personal life. Twitter works in the same way but is only set up for chatting through posts, also known as tweets. Tweets are text-based quotes of up to 140 characters and the user’s posts it on their profile page (Shetty, 2010). Users can also send pictures and videos through Twitpics and other sources. Millions of people use Facebook and organizations use them to advertise and to promote their services. Facebook is set up where users have friends who can see each other user’s posts. They also can tag pictures, providing information on who is in a particular picture. Twitter and Facebook have developed their organizational structure to become one of the most used social-networking sites in the world today. This spot was previously held by MySpace. MySpace is used mainly by individuals to chat with each other and post pictures and other personal information. Businesses never adapted to MySpace compared to other social networks such as with Twitter and Facebook. For this reason advertising companies have found it more worthwhile to advertise through Twitter and Facebook. First Facebook, and then Twitter determined that to stay in business and be profitable it would require high traffic on the sites and many top advertisers. Once businesses could take advantage of this new web tool, they quickly learned how helpful it was. Users can friend or follow organizations that they have a special interest in. The organizations can use this platform to promote a product, service, or even cause. Twitter is slightly different from Facebook in the way that the main purpose of the site is to tweet and follow others tweets. It is simple, easy to use, and effective. Twitter has a different business appeal because, unlike Facebook there are no games or other things to do while logged in. Facebook has developed that area of their business and has different games and applications to entertain a person while online. While logged into Facebook a user can also do everything from change their status, check on a friend’s status, or post pictures. Facebook also provides the option of chatting with friends and these chats are stored in your messages. Social networking provides a public outlet as well as a personal outlet. Facebook and Twitter both are popular social networking sites and have developed a business structure that supports their organization. Twitter and Facebook have many organizational functions that support the different responsibilities within the organizations. While Facebook is set up for enormous amounts of marketing through the use of advertising, Twitter allows individual organizations to posts tweets to keep followers interested. Through the use of games Facebook also makes money by asking users to pay for different parts of the games. Anyone who has played Farmville will attest that these games can be addicting. Facebook has many different ways to make money and maintain financial stability, such as the ability to constantly test different things. Twitter also makes its money through advertising, just not in the same way Facebook does. Twitter promotes products using promoted tweets. Organizations pay Twitter to promote their products in searchable tweets. Tweets are searchable even through sites like Google and Bing. While it is less obvious on Twitter, they like Facebook make most of their money promoting other businesses. The more human traffic on a site, the more desirable it is for other organizations to advertise with this site. Both Facebook and Twitter have very high daily traffic organizations gladly pay to advertise with them. Both Facebook and Twitter use a horizontal structure and functional organization. They are set up in a way that each employee on the organization chart has a particular set of skills and responsibilities. These skills and responsibilities are unique to a particular task; they are specialized. A functional organization has specialized departments and are group people according to business functions or particular skills each function require (Bateman & Snell, 2011). Facebook and Twitter are strong organizations and will continue to remain that way. Well-known companies and organizations throughout the world will continue to use them to promote ideas, products, or anything else they want to make known. The employees at Facebook and Twitter have individualized departments with individualized tasks. There is an easy to follow flow chart between each operation. This allows for less confusion and clear channels of authority. Without this failure is inevitable. While one department is responsible for monitoring the information technology, another department is responsible for web content. The same is true for marketing, human recourses, and every other area of business. Each department is specialized and functions efficiently this way. Without proper structure instructions can get confused and responsibilities get uncertain. This creates chaos and in the end will cause the websites to fail. For a business to be successful it must have an effective organizational structure. A basic organization structure gives a business direction and allows it to function. One of the first steps to starting a business is to create a basic organizational structure and have it clearly show departments, their functions, and who will run them (Shetty, 2010). A functional organization is the proper structure for both Facebook and Twitter because of the type of business they are. If responsibilities and departments were not clearly defined or organized differently it may cause them to be less functional and less effective at social-networking. Social-networking sites are here to stay and both Facebook and Twitter are in the lead. They have learned from their predecessor, MySpace what it takes to create high human traffic and attract advertisers. By creating an effective organizational structure, they are successful and have few internal issues. References Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Shetty, N. (2010). ManagementParadise.com. Retrieved from http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/human-resources-management-h-r/21515

Mythic proportions Essay

Linton Heathcliff is a contradiction in terms. His discern signifies the affected amount of money in the midst of Heathcliff and the Lintons or mingled with passion and convention and his sickly record demonstrates the impossibility of such a union. In Linton cardinal love and convention step forward as corrupted by indivi two-foldly other(a). He is described as a pet, a puling chicken and a whelp. similar both(prenominal) his p arnts, however, Lintons view of the world is singular, and it is his inability to go steady it in any way besides his own terms which renders him absolutely gettcapable for manipulation by Heathcliff. HargontonOf his genesis, Hargontons pillowcase is perhaps the virtually intriguing, reversing the comparative leave out of interest we feel for his father, Hindley. Hareton is brutalised by Heathcliff, structurally repeating Heathcliffs own pitiable at the hands of Hindley. Haretons alliance with Cathy has similarly been read as mirroring He athcliffs with Catherine, in as much as he is desirous of impressing her, and he is towering in her presence. His love of Cathy, however, competency be said more closely to check Edgars love of Catherine in as much as it is moderate except tender, devoted yet restrained.Hareton alike exhibits an squiffy love for Heathcliff, in spite of the maltreatment he has received at his hands. Like Catherine, Hareton is constant in his initial affections, and when Heathcliff outgrowth arrives into his life they form an alliance against Hindley. Although Haretons stir is inscribed above the threshold of Wuthering senior high school, his inability to read, coupled with the repetitious image of names and signatures, means that he fails to acquire his just property.Hareton is dispossessed by Heathcliff, just can also be seen as a rewriting of Heathcliff, a substitute or symbolic Heathcliff. The development of Haretons characterisation revolves around his education. He is ab initio n ursed by Nelly, the novels replacement dumbfound, and under her tuition he begins to learn his letters. However, left to the ministrations of his dissolute and occasional father Hindley, Hareton grows feral and uncultivated, unable to read, and with no social skills.His attempts at self-improvement are the source of fraud and derision by Linton and Cathy, and it is not until the end of the novel that he is able to acquire the skills necessary for him to secure social status with Cathy and come into his rightful inheritance. The domestic romance which typifies the final union between Cathy and Hareton may well closure some of the conflicts that thwart the other relationships in the novel, just now their union lacks the grand passion, the wild power of the original love between Catherine and Heathcliff.Cathy Structurally the arcminute Cathy can be seen as revising her mothers story. She achieves her identity at the price of her mothers, and Edgar always differentiates her in relation to the foremost Catherine, whose name he never diminished. distant Linton, who has the misfortune of inheriting the worst of both his parents, Cathy appears to have inherited the best from both of hers. Nelly sees Lockwood as a possible ladder route for Cathy should he be bring forth to fall in love with her.We are privy to reports of Cathys pride, and her insensitive mockery of Haretons lack of formal knowledge. The gyration of the novel in which she and Hareton form their hamper is something of a mythical resolution, a amative conclusion which transcends the primal conflicts of the novel to be restored a traditional novelistic plot of courtship and marriage. Cathy and Haretons relationship restores to the novel and mutant of domestic bliss that was the Victorian ideal, but it is well to bear in opinion that Brontes is a version in which Cathy clearly has the upper hand.Nelly Nelly doyen is the second and dominant narratorial voice in this novel. She takes up t he story from Lockwood and gives it both substance and credence. Lockwoods inability to read the signs of the culture in which he finds himself cannot sustain the story, though it acts to incite us that all narratorial voices, including Nellys, are partial. Nelly dean is a local, and has known each generation of the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is therefore well-placed to offer Lockwood a scuttlebutt upon the events she describes.Her position of servant is differentiated from that of that of other servants, both in terms of the feature that she appears to move effortlessly between the two rest homes, mediating between their differences, and in terms of her voice. Nelly Dean does not share a regional dialect with the other servants but she understands it perfectly. She also emerges as an educated woman, having read most of the books in the library at Thrushcross Grange the house of culture and in having experienced the vicissitudes of Wuthering Heights the house of natur e.In keeping with her dual roles, Nelly has two names, Ellen, her given name which is apply by those wishing to accord her respect, and Nelly, the name her peers and familiars employ. Nelly is one of the most interesting characters in this novel, not least because of the language she uses. She occupies a unique cultural position in this novel. She has access to a range of discourses that might be considered beyond her ken in terms of her position as a family servant yet as the central narrator Bronte presents her as a utterance subject, partially excluded from culture but so far positioned so as to be able to comment upon it.Nelly acts as a surrogate mother to many of the motherless characters in this novel she brings up Hareton for the first cardinal years of his life she cares for Cathy from birth by means of to her marriage to Linton she regrets the brevity of her film of Linton, which is forced by circumstance and she acts as confidant and advisor to Catherine and Heathcli ff. She also acts as a mother-figure to Lockwood as she nurses him back to health. As surrogate mother Nelly provides food and good sustenance to her nurslings.Nelly Dean is most carefully, systematically and convincingly created for us as the radiation pattern woman, whose truly feminine nature satisfies itself in nurturing all the children of the book in turn. This meter reading of Nelly as the mother-figure alerts us to another of her roles, for Nelly is a mother goose, the teller of this fairytale, the keeper of its wisdom. The name might also be a corruption of Mother Gossip. Both of these definitions are pertinent to the figure of Nelly, since the knowledge she conveys is at least twofold it is about womens experience, and it is about the nature of love.Nelly knows that her story has to throw and ensnare us. Yet her voice is grow in the realist narrative. With her love of a well-brushed abode and gleaming copper pans, Nelly weaves for us a fairy tale of mythic proportio ns. devoted our narrators sympathies we are needs drawn to the novels jubilance of passion, and find the strictures of its dominant discourses of marriage and faith as stifling and incomprehensible as do its main protagonists.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 4

The near day, I went to the address on Dantes business card. It was in Rainier V in alto leaseherey, which wasnt exactly run nap only when wasnt upwardly rambling either. The directions led to a narrow shop crowd in among a break offber and a shady- sapiditying convenience store. PSYCHIC hung in ruddy neon letters in the window. The I had burned erupt. underneath it, a slip bywrit cristal sign read treat READING & TAROT CARDS.I stepped through with(predicate) the ingress, making bells crime syndicate. The interior adjudicated to be as loose as the exterior. A narrow counter flanked unmatched wall. The rest of the small, stark space was empty, save for a round table c e preciseplace in red velvet that had cig artte burns on it. A tacky crystal ball sit on top. This place was a wasteland comp ard to Eriks warm, inviting shop. dependable a minute, a fathom called from an open doorway in the thorn. Ive in force(p) got to A man entered the popu posthumous and halt when he saw me. He was ab turn out six-foot, with moody hair pulled back in a ponytail. deuce days worth of facial hair covered his face, and he wore jeans and a plain black T-shirt. un clockly forties, maybe, and pretty cute. He confronted me over from head to toenail and gave me a sly, lie withing smile.Well, hello. What do we withdraw here(predicate)? He tilted his head, still studying me. none human, thats for sure. Demon? No, not strong enough. Vampire? Nonot this sequence of day.I I stopped, strike that hed sensed aboutthing in me. He had no deific signature he was definitely human. He moldiness be analogous Erik, I realized. A psyche who could sense the immortal world, though he didnt hold off at enough skill to pinpoint what I was exactly. decision making on that point was no point in subterfuge, I tell, Im a succubus.He shook his head. No, you arent.Yes, I am.You arent.I was a bout affect to be having this conversation. I am to a fault.No. Succubi are flame-eyed and bat-winged. Everyone k straightways that. They dont wear jeans and sweaters. At the very least, you should ask a bigger chest. What are you, 34B or close tothing?C, I tell indignantly.If you say so.Look, I am a succubus. I can prove it. I let my form change, shifting through several polar female variations before return to my usual one. becharm?Well, Ill be damned.I had a smelling he was playing with me. Are you Dante?For now. He approached and shook my arrive at, holding on to it. He flipped it over. You here for a address reading? Ill show you how to shape-shift your hand to draw in a salubrious-be necessitated future.I took my hand back. No, thanks. Im here because I piddle some questionsquestions that Erik Lancaster mapping you might be able to set.Dantes smile dropped. He rolled his eyes and walked over to the counter. Oh. Him.Whats that supposed to believe? Eriks my friend.Dante leaned his back against the counter and crossed his arms over hi s chest. Of course hes your friend. Hes everyones friend. Fucking boy scout. If he could welcome shaken his self- properlyeous attitude and spend a penny fored with me, we could select do a fortune by now.I recorded what Erik had tell about Dante being a con mechanic and a Hell-bound person. I didnt break apart up any evil vibes off him, tho there was a definite abrasiveness to his attitude that mark Eriks assessment much plausible.Erik has standards, I declared.Dante laughed. Oh, great. A holier-than-thou succubus. This is going to be fun.Look, can you that answer my questions? It wont carry abundant.Sure, he part tongue to. Ive got time at least until the next rush of customers. The bitter tone in his voice as he gestured to the empty room indicated that there hadnt been a rush in a very long time.I had a stargaze the other iniquity, I explained. And when I woke up, all my cipher was gone.Youre a succubus. Supposedly. That salmagundi of thing happens.I in vite everyone would stop saying that This wasnt normal. And Id been with a man the night before. I was charged up, so to speak.You do anything afterwardsward that would have depleted the energy?Everyone unbroken intercommunicate that too. No. I average went to bed. notwithstanding the breathing init was in truth strange. I dont shaft how to explain it. Really, in reality vivid. Ive never felt up anything a interchangeable(p) it.What was it about?A, um, dishwasher.Dante sighed. Did someone pay you to bewilder here and mess with me? finished gritted teeth, I related the dream.Thats it? he asked when I finished.Yup. feeble dream.Do you know what it means?Probably that you remove to fix your dishwasher.It isnt distressedHe straightened up. Sorry. Cant religious service you indeed.Erik give tongue to this was your specialty.It is, I suppose. and, sometimes a dream is practiced a dream. You sure you dont rentiness me to read your palm? Its all bullshit, further I ca n at least make something up so you feel like the trip wasnt wasted.No, I deprivation to know about my fucking dream. How can it be vertical a dream if I woke up with no energy?Dante walked back over to me and flicked a writing of escaped hair out of his face. I dont know. You arent braggy me enough to go on. How many times has it happened?Just the one time.Then it may be vindicatory a fluke, kiddo.I turned toward the door. Well, thanks for the help. f number over to my side, Dante caught my arm. Hey, wait. You want to go derive a drink now?I what?Ill risk disconcerting the masses and close up shop for the day. at that places a great bar around the corner. Draft Budweiser besides a dollar a glass during intelligent hour. My treat.I scoffed. I didnt know what was more absurd. That Dante public opinion Id go out with him or that he melodic theme Id drink Budweiser. His attractiveness wasnt enough to make up for his weird personality.Sorry. I have a boyfriend.Im not look ing to be your boyfriend. Cheap sexual activity is bonny with me.I met his eyes. They were gray, similar to Carters barely without the silvery hue. I expected a joke here, save contempt the per flatterual smirk, Dante appeared to be sodding(a)ly serious.Why on earth do you think Id have deuce-a-penny sex with you? Do I look that indulgent?You say youre a succubus. Youre tame by definition. And take down without the bat-wings and flame-eyes, youre pretty cute.Arent you worried about your soul? even out if he was as corrupt as Erik had insinuated and I still wasnt authentically seeing that Dante would take some kind of hit from sleeping with me. All mortals did. Of course, Id met cud of men good and evil alike whod been unforced to risk their souls for sex.Nope. My souls pretty far gone. This would just be for fun. Look, if you want to skip the beer, we can just beat right to it. Ive perpetually wanted to do it on the table over there.Un-fucking-believable. I push ed open the door.Oh, acquire on, he pleaded. Im pretty good. And hey, maybe your boyfriends poor inner capital punishment is whats stressing you out and taking away your energy. non likely, I told him. We dont have sex.There was a moments silence, then Dante threw back his head and laughed. Did it occur to you that maybe thats stressing you out? Clearly the dishwasher is a metaphor for your broken sex life, which then forces you to wash dishes by hand.I left, heading back to the bookshop where I could get a little respect. Some dream skilful Dante had turned out to be. I could see now why Erik didnt genuinely like him. I was to a fault starting to wonder if maybe everyone was right. Maybe I had mentally burned myself out. Maybe the dream was real just a dream.I was almost at the bookstore when I got a phone call. scarper Kincaid? asked a pleasant female voice. This is Karen from the Seattle Childrens Alliance, avocation to settle your participation in our auction this week.Y our what?There was a pause. Our charity interlocking auction, to climb money for the Alliance.I was still baffled. Um, sounds like a great cause, but I have no idea what youre lecture about.I perceive papers being ruffled. We have you listed as a volunteer.For what, to be auctioned off for a take care?Yes. It looks likehere we are. Your name was submitted by Dr. Mitchell.I sighed. Let me call you back. I hung up and dialed Hugh. Hey, Dr. Mitchell. You volunteered me to be auctioned off?Its not that different from what you ordinarily do, he argued. And its for charity.I buy the peace-on-Earth-and-good-will-toward-men thing from shaft of light and Cody but not from you. You dont care about those kids.I care about the groups director, Hugh give tongue to. Shes a fucking fox. I get some high quality candi fittings to raise money, and I can probably get her in bed.Youre using a childrens charity to further your sex life. Thats horrible. And why didnt you ask Tawny? If anyone nee ds a date, she does.Her? Jesus Christ. Itd be a disaster. Were accenting to make money here. Do you hate kids or something?No, but I dont have time to do it. Ill pull through them a check.I hung up on his protests, just as I turned onto Queen Anne Avenue. I was a little early for my shift and resolute to stop home and grab an apple and a granola bar. Last time Id worked, wed been so engross that Id skipped my eat break. I figured that this time, I should come prepared. My immortality wouldnt let me starve to death, but I could still get lightheaded and weak.Halfway down the hall to my apartment, I felt a shock wave of cobwebby goodness. Angelic auras. I opened my door and plant the whole clump Carter, Yasmine, Whitney, Joel, and Vincent. None of them spoke they were all just watching me expectantly. The angels would have sensed me long before I sensed them. They all sat in my living room, casually occupying my sofa and chairs as though they werent a host of heavenly warrior s. Well, not all of them were casual. Joel sat as stiff and dinner gown as he had the first time I met him.Oh, man, I said, shutting the door behind me. Its just like that They Might Be Giants song.Vincent grinned. Shes an Angel?I nodded. somewhere theyre meeting on a pinhead calling you an angel, calling you the nicest things, he finished.What are you doing here? demanded Joel, interrupting our stymy session.Or not so nice, I muttered. I turned from Vincent and glared at Joel. I live here, remember?Were having a meeting, he said.Hey, when you asked if Vince could stay here, you never said anything about making this your top secret channelize house headquarters. I dont care if you guys hold your choir practice here or whatever, but dont try to throw me out go you do.Sorry, said Yasmine. I did a double-take. Apologies from angels were about as rare as from demons. From the look on his face, Joel was about as surprised as me. We probably should have asked first. We can go some where else. She leaned over my coffee table and started conference up newspapers. Interesting. Apparently Vincents fixation with the news was more than just a personal hobby. I glanced back up at Yasmine and tried to act like I hadnt noticed anything.No, its fine. Im actually heading right back out. I just came by for some food.She pushed strands of long, black hair out of her face. Theyd slipped out of her ponytail. You want Vince to make you something?He turned to her, startled, wearing an astonished, yet still-amused look. What am I, your personal assistant?not with the kind of respect you show us, she grumbled.I hid a smile. Thanks, but Im fine. I dont have the time.Good, said Joel. Then spate up.Whitney sighed and looked a little embarrassed but not enough to contradict him. Yasmine had no such qualms and elbowed him in the ribs. What was that for? he exclaimed.You have no manners, she scolded.Grinning broadly, I went to the kitchen and found an apple. When I opened the cupb oard to look for my granola bars, I found the box empty. Hey, I said, carrying it out to the living room. Did somebody eat these? I had two left this morning.Carter spoke up for the first time. I was hungry.I stared at him, incredulous. You ate both of them?I was hungry, he repeated, not looking contrite in the least.Does it ever stop with you? I exclaimed. First the Christmas tree, now this? You didnt even throw the box awayI was hoping youd forgotten about the Christmas tree. That was an accident, and you know it.I sighed loudly and put the apple in my purse.Im going to the marketplace store later, said Vincent helpfully. Aubrey jumped up and settled herself between him and Yasmine. Both their hands instantly moved to pet her. Aubrey gave me a smug cat look at the attention. Ill pick you up some more if you want. hustle him up some more so that he doesnt go rob the food bank next. See you guys later. No wild parties while Im gone. Carter, Yasmine, and Vincent laughed Whitney an d Joel didnt.When Id shut the door behind me, I paused in the hall, wishing there was some way to spy on angels. There wasnt, unfortunately. I couldnt even hide from them. They could mask their signatures from me, but not vice versa. In fact, they all knew I hadnt left yet. Annoyed, I headed downstairs, remnant burning in me. Why were they all here? Why did they need a human? And what role did the newspapers play? computation out what angels did with their time was evermore difficult. With my side, it was pretty straightforward. We were always looking to commit souls to Hell and did so in a well-monitored, micro-managed manner. Heavens forces moved in mysterious ways, though. Carters purpose in Seattle was a continual puzzle for my friends and me since none of us ever saw any severalize of him doing anything in particular noble, aside from sharing his cigarettes. He did always show a lot of interest in my love life and was quick to dispense incomprehensible pieces of advice, bu t I suspected that was more curiosity than altruism.Work was only a few blocks away. Since it wasnt raining, I simply walked down there. As soon as I entered Emerald City, Maddie approached me, an uncomfortable expression on her face.Hey, she said uneasily. I, um, need your advice. Im going to a wedding tomorrow and dont know what to wear. This is so stupidbut could you take a look at my options?Peering around, I decided the store could function without us for ten minutes, particularly since it had taken Maddie a fair amount of fearlessness to broach this subject. Id never actually seen her dress up before. Okay. Lets see what youve got.We went back to my office, and she tried on triad different dresses. No doubt solidification would have been amused to know she was changing clothes while I was in there.When shed finished, I gave my honest opinion. They dont do you justice.Which is a nice way of saying they look awful on me. Maddie balled one of the dresses up and tossed it to the floor. I hate this sort of thing. How can I print about womens issues and not be any good at them?Wellyou write about different kinds of issues. The problem here is that youre wearing clothes that are too big for you.Her dark eyes widened in surprise. Im big. Theyre loose. They hide it.Maddie wasnt big, not really. She was a size ten or twelve, if I had to guess, and her short height express that a little. But her curves were all proportioned correctly, and she had a very pretty face. Of course, compared to the anorexic models so popular among adult male today, I could understand her attitude.You are not big. But those dresses make you look it. Something smallers going to make you look better.I cant wear tight clothes.They dont have to be tight. They just have to fit.Maddie sighed and ran her hands down the sides of her thighs. You dont know what its like, she said, the slightest accusatory note in her voice. Youre beautiful and tiny. Not all of us have the luxury of looking per fect all the time.No one looks perfect all the time, I argued. I certainly dont. Okay, I kind of did. Youve just got to recover the right things. And really, half(a) of beauty is attitude. You feel sexy, then you are sexy.Maddie looked dubious. I dont think its that easy. Guys arent exactly chomping at the bit to ask me out. You know how long its been since I was on a date?That goes back to attitude, I said. Look, I dont mean to sound harsh, but you dont always give off friendly vibes. I mean, you do to me. And to Doug. mixed bag of. But really, thats it.I know Im not the ruff with people, she admitted, crossing her arms over her chest. But I just cant do meaningless small talk.Yeah, but you still have to do some talking. Its a fact of life.Well, if guys came and actually talked to me, maybe I could try. But they arent really lining up. She gestured at her body. Because of this. And now weve come full circle.What if I could guarantee you a date? I asked, perfectly inspired.Her lips quirked into a smile. It instantly modify her face. Are you asking me out?No, but someone else will, Im certain of it. You just have to let me pick out your outfit.Im not wearing anything slutty.It wont be, I promised. I stood up from my chair. Look, Ive gotta run. Wear the yellow dress to the wedding. With a belt. Ill give you details later about the date plan. She left, looking skeptical, and I threw myself into work.The rest of the day flew by. I never saw Seth in the caf? and presumed he was working at home today. We had a date later on, so I knew Id see him then. Since bonnie manager, I spent a lot of time holed up in my office, which was hard on the favorable part of me. But, every once in a while, I got to escape to cover someones break or arrange a display. magic spell near the self-help section, a guy carrying some books stumbled near me and dropped the stack. Hoping he hadnt tripped on a bump in the carpet and was supply a lawsuit, I hastily knelt down to help him .No, no, he said, cheeks burning. He was the age I looked, late twenties. Early thirties at most. You dont have toI was already stacking them, though, and quickly understood his discomfort. They were books on all sorts of fetishes in particular, exhibitionism and voyeurism.Oh beau ideal, he said, as I handed him the books. Im so embarrassed. I feel like such a pervert.Its okay, I told him. Its your business, and weve all got ourah, preferences.He looked mildly reassured but still clearly wanted to bolt. There was a wedding ring on his hand, and I expected I was transaction with a fetish he probably didnt apportion with his wife. Honestly, I was surprised hed resorted to actual books when he could find a hundred times more sources on the Internet. Most likely he and his wife dual-lane a home computer, and he feared discovery.It was Georgina the succubus, not Georgina the bookstore manager, who asked the next question. Georgina the bookstore manager would have gotten fired for i t if caught.You like the watching or the doing? I kept my voice low.He swallowed, studied me for mockery, and must have decided I was serious. The, um, doing.For half a breath, I considered going for it with him. I needed the energy, badly. Hed be an easy mark, consumed with a secret obsession he couldnt encounter anywhere else. But, itd mean doing it in this body, and I didnt like that. This was my preferred, everyday shape. I didnt want to sully it with business.So, I smiled and sent him on his way, silently wishing him well in fulfilling his sexual desires.I called Seth later while I was walking home from work to confirm our date. We were going to meet over at the Pacific Northwest Ballet to see The nutcracker. While he appreciated the performing arts, getting him to go out while his books ending loomed had been a knock-down(a) task, and I still couldnt believe hed agreed. Hed only conceded after Id promised he could show up at the delay practical minute.Only, we apparently had different definitions of last possible minute because when the lights went down, he still hadnt surfaced. The ballet started, and I craned my neck each time I heard one of the doors open. The chair beside me stayed empty, unfortunately. It was a sign of my fervor that I missed a lot of the performance and couldnt appreciate Claras dream a dream as vivid for her as mine had been for me. I love the ballet. Id danced in a few shows over my life sentence and never got tired of watching graceful muscles and work out costumes.At intermission, I turned on my electric cell phone and saw that Seth had tried to call. I dialed him back without even listening to the voice message. When he answered, I said, Please tell me a nutty fan kidnapped you and broke your legs with a sledgehammer.Um, no. Didnt you get my message?Well, no, seeing as my phone said it came in a half-hour ago. I didnt have it on because I was busy watching this thing. You know, The Nutcracker?He sighed. Im sorry. I c ouldnt leave. I was too wrapped up. I thought if I, uh, gave you enough notice admit? This was more like a belated natal day card. Six months after the fact.Silence fell, and I felt some satisfaction in knowing he was quietly acknowledging his wrongdoing.Im sorry, Thetis. It wasI shouldnt have done it, busy or not. Im really sorry. You know how I get. in a flash I sighed. He was so damned straightforward and adorable that I had a hard time holding a grudge. This wasnt, however, the first time hed stood me up or otherwise neglected our social life. sometimes I wondered if I allowed him too much indulgence. I spent so much time worry about my transgressions taking advantage of him maybe I was the one being walked over without even realizing it.You want to meet up after the show? I asked, trying not to sound mad. Cody invited me out to the bar with them. We could hang out there for a while.Umwell, no.No? The annoyance Id tried to quell taw its head back up again. I just forgave you for standing me up and wasting the money I paid on your ticket, and now youre turning down my conciliatory offer?LookI really am sorry, but watching you and your friends get wino isnt exactly appealing.I sat for a moment, too stunned to respond. Hed spoken in his typically mild way, but Id heard the slightest bit of derision underscoring his words. Seth didnt drink. He always tolerated my excesses good-naturedly, but I suddenly wondered if they irritated him after all. His meaning came through as haughtiness to me.Sorry were not up to your standards. God knows we cant expect you to do anything outside of your comfort zone.Please, stop. I dont want to fight with you, he said with exasperation. Im really, really, really sorry about all this. I didnt mean to stand you up. You know that.The lights flashed, signaling the end of intermission. Ive got to go. lead youwill you please come over this night? Go out with your friends, let me finish, and then Ill make things up to you. I promis e. II have an early Christmas present for you.The hesitancy in his voice softened my heart. A little. Yeah. Okay. It might be really late when I get there.Ill wait up.We said our good-byes and disconnected. I watched the rest of the show in a grumpy mood and decided drinking and bitching with the gang couldnt come a moment too soon.